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[{"id":"flipboard-RiIMj8AVT_ubX9PTK24bvA:a:63357609-1376654462","hashCode":2644945620,"sortValue":31126447579499,"type":"post","title":"At a glance: Nigeria - Trafficked into labour, a young girl tries to regain what she's lost","excerptText":"Trafficked into labour, a young girl tries to regain what she's lost<p><b>By Shantha Bloemen</b><p>The plight of a young Ghanaian girl put to work in Nigeria by a relative illustrates the enormous challenge in bat …","sourceURL":"http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria_70133.html","hideOnCover":true,"inlineImage":{"mediumURL":"http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/images/ibc_2_11674.jpg","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/unicef.org/f7bf278b936ee15e9e8fbd68f67fdee07da4f18e/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":375,"original_height":262,"original_hints":"color,photo,rgb-173-165-157"},"language":"en","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. 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The journey can take up to nine hours. Once inside the borders, bribes must be paid to Kenyan immigration officers, and both Tanzania and Kenya revenue authority officers, […] The post Trafficking Handicapped Children And The Economy Of Misery – OpEd appeared first on...<br>To continue reading this article, click on the headline.","rssText":null,"sourceURL":"http://www.eurasiareview.com/18082013-trafficking-handicapped-children-and-the-economy-of-misery-oped/","feedTitle":"Eurasia Review","feedUrl":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/eurasiareview/VsnE","language":"en","rssBaseURL":"http://www.eurasiareview.com/18082013-trafficking-handicapped-children-and-the-economy-of-misery-oped/","rssCustomClasses":"sysen","authorDisplayName":"Pambazuka News","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. 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And yet, according to the 2001 Census, a staggering 12.6 million children between the ages of 5-14 years were working in India. That’s changing. In what appears to be a fairly sharp improvement, data (from the National Sample Survey Organisation for 2009-2010) now puts the number of working children at 4.9 million, a 60% reduction since 2001. An amendment to the 1986 Act was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on December 4, 2012, and is pending before the House. The bill seeks to impose a blanket prohibition on children under the age of 14 from working, except in case of work for family after school hours.The amendment is in keeping with the Right to Education Act, which seeks compulsory education for children between the ages 6-14 years. <b>Where Are Children Employed?</b> According to a report titled “<i>Children in India 2012 – A Statistical Appraisal”,</i> released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), India has the largest number of child labourers (under-14 years of age) in the world. The Census 2001 also found that nearly 85% of child labourers are hard–to–reach, invisible and excluded population as they work largely in the unorganized sector, both rural and urban, within the family or …","rssText":null,"sourceURL":"http://www.indiaspend.com/investigations/child-labour-drops-60-in-a-decade-but-still-worlds-highest-64501","feedTitle":"IndiaSpend","feedUrl":"http://www.indiaspend.com/feed","hideOnCover":true,"inlineImage":{"mediumURL":"http://www.indiaspend.com/wp-content/uploads/Final-4.jpg","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/indiaspend.com/6e091c0a8d6ce17448f50da25fcf942e7486381a/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":590,"original_height":311,"original_hints":"color,dark,photo,rgb-62-46-35,,main-image,main-image"},"language":"en","rssBaseURL":"http://www.indiaspend.com/investigations/child-labour-drops-60-in-a-decade-but-still-worlds-highest-64501","rssCustomClasses":"sysen","authorDisplayName":"admin","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. 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Elaina was 14 and wanted to be a nurse. Instead, she was about to lose four years of her life as a child slave.<p>She sits on a low chair inside the hut, playing with her long dark hair as she recalls how her owner would sit next to her watching porn in the living room of his Delhi house, while she waited to sleep on the floor. \"Then he raped me,\" she says, looking down at her hands, then out of the door. Outside, the monsoon rain is falling on the tin roof and against the mud-rendered bamboo strip walls, on which her parents have pinned a church calendar bearing the slogan The Lord is Good to All.<p>Elaina was in that Delhi house for one reason: her parents, who picked the world-famous Assam tea on an estate in Lakhimpur district, were paid so little they could not afford to keep her. There are thousands like her, taken to Delhi from the tea plantations in the north-east Indian state by a trafficker, sold to an agent for as little as £45, sold on again to an employer for up to £650, then kept as slaves, raped, abused. It is a 21st-century slave trade. There are thought to be 100,000 girls as young as 12 under lock and key in Delhi alone: others are sold on to the Middle East and some are even thought to have reached the UK.<p>Every tea plantation pays the same wages. Every leaf of every box of Assam tea sold by Tetley and Lipton and Twinings and the supermarket own brands – Asda, Waitrose, Tesco, Sainsbury's and the rest – is picked by workers who earn a basic 12p an hour.<p>If it says Fairtrade on the box, or certified by the Rainforest Alliance or the Ethical Tea Partnership, it makes no difference: the worker received the same basic cash payment – 89 rupees (£1) a day, a little over half the legal wage for an unskilled worker in Assam of 158.54 rupees. To place that in context, a worker receives about 2p in cash for picking enough tea to fill a box of 80 tea bags, which then sells for upwards of £2 in the UK. The companies say they know the wages are low, and they are trying to make things better, but their hands are tied by the growers. The growers, who set the wages by collective bargaining, say it is all they can afford.<p>But there is a price for keeping wages so low, and it is paid by the workers who cannot afford to keep their daughters. When the traffickers come knocking, offering to take the girls away, …","sourceURL":"http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/20/poverty-tea-pickers-india-child-slavery","allowFullscreenImage":true,"inlineImage":{"mediumURL":"http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Observer/Pix/pictures/2013/7/19/1374270742518/Saphira-Khatun-whose-daug-011.jpg","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/guim.co.uk/d12b6c18aca0af455a8f86071456abe10d6fe1d8/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":620,"original_height":372,"original_hints":"focus-209-98,rgb-137-112-132,color,face-209-98-57,photo"},"readButtonCaption":"Read Article","sourceMagazineURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/flipmag?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.flipboard.com%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fd5e3101813141d08013ce2fd4f6f0035d28cf651%2F7cf18425a9d10a1b344c521355a2c0c669d9bcb9%2Farticle.html&partner=guardian&tml§ion=flipboard%2Fcurator%252Fmagazine%252FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%253Am%253A63357609&fallbackTml","language":"en","article":{"sectionID":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","partnerID":"guardian","url":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/theguardian.com/d5e3101813141d08013ce2fd4f6f0035d28cf651/7cf18425a9d10a1b344c521355a2c0c669d9bcb9/article.html"},"authorDisplayName":"Gethin Chamberlain in Assam","authorImage":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/twimg.com/27715b27fe52576352cf6053cbe8c5545f34ad66/thumbnail.jpg"},"referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time.","authorImage":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"text":"How much child labor is present in what we eat and what we drink?","urls":["http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/20/poverty-tea-pickers-india-child-slavery"],"service":"flipboard","remoteServiceItemID":"_cbUZlCRTXm4Dmwi7JfQNw:a:63357609","dateCreated":1374859628,"ingestionTime":1377231292,"sectionLinks":[{"type":"author","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/user%2F63357609","title":"UNICEF USA","linkType":"user","username":"unicefusa","userID":"63357609","image":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"description":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time."},{"type":"magazine","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","title":"Child Labor","referringText":"Child Labor","image":{"smallURL":"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg"}}],"id":"flipboard-_cbUZlCRTXm4Dmwi7JfQNw:a:63357609-1374859628"}],"service":"flipboard","remoteServiceItemID":"_cbUZlCRTXm4Dmwi7JfQNw:a:63357609","dateCreated":1374859628,"ingestionTime":1377231292,"sectionLinks":[{"type":"author","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/mix%2F30760154","title":"The Guardian","referringText":"The Guardian","linkType":"user","image":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/twimg.com/27715b27fe52576352cf6053cbe8c5545f34ad66/thumbnail.jpg"}}],"hideTimelineDate":true,"partnerID":"guardian","flipboardSocialId":"flipboard-_cbUZlCRTXm4Dmwi7JfQNw:a:63357609-1374859628","sectionID":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","time":70,"count":8,"rssText":null},{"id":"flipboard-oJojLcPyQmeHwEB-Xtz_xg:a:63357609-1376653099","hashCode":3065611067,"sortValue":31126447579493,"type":"post","title":"No life for a child: The grim reality of Nepal's child laborers","excerptText":"<b>Kath­man­du, Nepal (CNN)</b> -- To see her play­ing with her friends, Maya Lama seems much like any other child.<p>But until last year, the 12-year-old Nepalese girl led a very dif­fer­ent exis­tence, forced to work gru­el­ing 16-hour shifts in a car­pet fac …","sourceURL":"http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/14/world/asia/nepal-child-labor/?hpt=wo_t2","language":"en","authorDisplayName":"Bibek Bhandari, for CNN","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time.","authorImage":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"text":"Over one million Nepalese children are in the work force.","urls":["http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/14/world/asia/nepal-child-labor/?hpt=wo_t2"],"service":"flipboard","remoteServiceItemID":"oJojLcPyQmeHwEB-Xtz_xg:a:63357609","dateCreated":1376653099,"ingestionTime":1377231292,"sectionLinks":[{"type":"author","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/user%2F63357609","title":"UNICEF USA","linkType":"user","username":"unicefusa","userID":"63357609","image":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"description":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time."},{"type":"magazine","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","title":"Child Labor","referringText":"Child Labor","image":{"smallURL":"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg"}}],"id":"flipboard-oJojLcPyQmeHwEB-Xtz_xg:a:63357609-1376653099"}],"service":"flipboard","remoteServiceItemID":"oJojLcPyQmeHwEB-Xtz_xg:a:63357609","dateCreated":1376653099,"ingestionTime":1377231292,"flipboardSocialId":"flipboard-oJojLcPyQmeHwEB-Xtz_xg:a:63357609-1376653099","sectionID":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","time":70,"count":9,"rssText":null},{"id":"flipboard-t2txDE3_Sa2eSpmMeK4maA:a:63357609-1376580847","hashCode":2392307894,"sortValue":31126447579492,"type":"post","title":"Samsung accused of child labor abuse at Chinese factory","excerptText":"Sam­sung (005930) has once again been accused of copy­ing Apple (AAPL), how­ev­er this time the South Kore­an man­u­fac­tur­er didn’t knock off the com­pa­ny’s designs. Activist group China Labor Watc …","sourceURL":"http://bgr.com/2012/08/07/samsung-labor-violations-chinese-factory/","hideOnCover":true,"inlineImage":{"mediumURL":"http://boygeniusreport.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/samsung.jpg?w=645&h=428","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/wordpress.com/aaa171b04d167b51d6b37c1396e7b4fd3c9dc579/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":645,"original_height":429,"original_hints":"color,face-282-123-88,focus-282-123,photo,rgb-135-123-99"},"language":"en","authorDisplayName":"Dan Graziano","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time.","authorImage":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"text":"China Labor Watch has accused Samsung of employing workers as young as 14...","urls":["http://bgr.com/2012/08/07/samsung-labor-violations-chinese-factory/"],"service":"flipboard","remoteServiceItemID":"t2txDE3_Sa2eSpmMeK4maA:a:63357609","dateCreated":1376580847,"ingestionTime":1377231292,"sectionLinks":[{"type":"author","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/user%2F63357609","title":"UNICEF USA","linkType":"user","username":"unicefusa","userID":"63357609","image":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"},"description":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. 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{"id":"flipboard-NVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA:m:63357609-1371151630","hashCode":798652023,"sortValue":31126447579500,"type":"sectionCover","title":"Child Labor","description":"Working: 150 million children aged 5-14 in developing countries.","section":{"type":"link","service":"flipboard","remoteid":"flipboard/curator%2Fmagazine%2FNVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA%3Am%3A63357609","title":"Child Labor","image":{"smallURL":"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg"},"socialId":"flipboard-NVuxR4NOT6uotdhhla5oEA:m:63357609-0","feedType":"magazine","description":"Working: 150 million children aged 5-14 in developing countries.","tileImage":{"mediumURL":"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/amazonaws.com/f2260486941b88806235f4483f61504039757769/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":512,"original_height":288,"original_hints":"color,rgb-86-67-52,photo"},"author":{"authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. UNICEF fights for the survival and development of all children, in all situations, all of the time.","authorImage":{"smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/f94a221d26ab9205036df085a869e03757ad3104.png"}}},"mainItem":{"type":"post","title":"One Million Children Labor in Africa's Goldmines","excerptText":"TIÉBÉLÉ, Burkina Faso -- On the rocky ground outside the Kollo mining village near the border between Burkina Faso and Ghana, about 100 people are working, 30 or so of them children. They smash boulders into pebbles and pebbles into grit with primitive hammers and sticks. They haul buckets of well water up the hillside and, pouring this water into shallow pans filled with rock and dirt, they swirl the muddy mix, looking in the silt for tiny flecks of gold.Nearby, a small hill rises from this barren gold field, and atop this hill are hand-dug shafts that plunge 150 feet into the ground. Joseph, 15, and Germain, 12, lead the way down into the mine, gripping knotted ropes, finding footholds and squeezing past support timbers in the yard-wide pits. They get to the bottom after 20 minutes and silently begin to fill buckets of ore to be hauled up by rope.The shaft ends in a cramped, pitch-dark pit. The bottom widens a bit to reveal a tiny, wedge-shaped crevice. In the darkness, sitting cross-legged with a flashlight strapped to his head, is a small boy. He chinks at the rock walls with a handmade pickax and scoops the shards into a large green bucket. His hands never stop moving - scooping and chipping, chipping and scooping. The older boys call him Théophile. They say he is 7 years old.The United Nations' International Labor Organization estimates that as many as a million children between ages 5 and 17 work in the small-scale gold mines of Africa for as little as $2 a day. In the African Sahel, a semiarid region that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea across parts of Mali, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Niger, 30 percent to 50 percent of small-scale mine workers are c …","rssText":"<script>var flip_images = {\"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg\":{\"width\":512,\"height\":288},\"http://cdn.flipboard.com/amazonaws.com/f2260486941b88806235f4483f61504039757769/thumbnail.jpg\":{\"width\":240,\"height\":135}};</script>\n<div id=\"flip_rss_body\"> <div class=\"json_content\">\n <p>\n </p>\n <div fl:hint-main-image=\"true\" class=\"photo rgb-86-67-52 color img\">\n <img src=\"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg\" data-size=\"medium\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" hints=\"color,rgb-86-67-52,photo\"/>\n </div>\n <p>\n TIÉBÉLÉ, Burk­i­na Faso -- On the rocky ground out­side the Kollo min­ing vil­lage near the bor­der between Burk­i­na Faso and Ghana, about 100 peo­ple are work­ing, 30 or so of them chil­dren. They smash boul­ders into peb­bles and peb­bles into grit with prim­i­tive ham­mers and sticks. They haul buck­ets of well water up the hill­side and, pour­ing this water into shal­low pans filled with rock and dirt, they swirl the muddy mix, look­ing in the silt for tiny flecks of gold.\n </p>\n <p>\n Near­by, a small hill rises from this bar­ren gold field, and atop this hill are hand-dug shafts that plunge 150 feet into the ground. Joseph, 15, and Ger­main, 12, lead the way down into the mine, grip­ping knot­ted ropes, find­ing footholds and squeez­ing past sup­port tim­bers in the yard-wide pits. They get to the bot­tom after 20 min­utes and silent­ly begin to fill buck­ets of ore to be hauled up by rope.\n </p>\n <p>\n The shaft ends in a cramped, pitch-dark pit. The bot­tom widens a bit to reveal a tiny, wedge-shaped crevice. In the dark­ness, sit­ting cross-legged with a flash­light strapped to his head, is a small boy. He chinks at the rock walls with a hand­made pick­ax and scoops the shards into a large green buck­et. His hands never stop mov­ing - scoop­ing and chip­ping, chip­ping and scoop­ing. The older boys call him Théophile. They say he is 7 years old.\n </p>\n <p>\n The Unit­ed Nations' Inter­na­tion­al Labor Orga­ni­za­tion esti­mates that as many as<a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/magazines-and-journals/world-of-work-magazine/articles/WCMS_081364/lang--en/index.htm\"> a mil­lion chil­dren between ages 5 and 17 work in the small-scale gold mines of Africa</a> for as lit­tle as $2 a day. In the African Sahel, a semi­arid region that stretch­es from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea across parts of Mali, Ghana, Burk­i­na Faso, and Niger, 30 per­cent to 50 per­cent of small-scale mine work­ers are chil­dren, accord­ing to ILO esti­mates. Child labor is against the law in Burk­i­na Faso, where last year the gov­ern­ment announced a plan to sig­nif­i­cant­ly reduce the num­bers of exploit­ed chil­dren by 2015. But enforce­ment is lack­ing.\n </p>\n <p>\n </p>\n <iframe src=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/multimedia/burkina072013/embed.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"482\" height=\"302\">\n </iframe>\n <p>\n The U.S. Depart­ment of Labor also is fund­ing a <a href=\"http://www.dol.gov/ilab/grants/SGA12-09.pdf\">four-year, $5 mil­lion project</a> in Burk­i­na Faso, one of the world's poor­est nations, to reduce child labor in cot­ton farm­ing and gold min­ing. The grant will be used to help raise aware­ness about child labor laws and build gov­ern­ment capac­i­ty to mon­i­tor and enforce the laws, said Eric Biel, act­ing as­so­ciate deputy under­sec­re­tary for the Bureau of Inter­na­tion­al Labor Affairs.\n </p>\n <p>\n The project aims to help 1,000 house­holds and 10,000 chil­dren avoid "exploita­tive child labor" by offer­ing school­ing, financ­ing, and alter­na­tive employ­ment.\n </p>\n <p>\n Child labor in the gold mines here is so preva­lent -- and so obvi­ous -- that the U.S. gov­ern­ment pro­hibits its agen­cies and con­trac­tors from buy­ing the gold direct­ly from Burk­i­na Faso. The pro­hi­bi­tion, how­ev­er, does not extend to pri­vate deal­ers.\n </p>\n <p>\n Observers say porous bor­ders, which facil­i­tate black-market trades, and the very nature of the world gold sup­ply chain make track­ing gold mined in Burk­i­na Faso almost impos­si­ble. Fur­ther­more, fed­er­al pur­chas­es of gold from legit­i­mate inter­na­tion­al sell­ers do not nec­es­sar­i­ly pre­clude some of the gold orig­i­nat­ing here.\n </p>\n <p>\n The Canada-based Arti­sanal Gold Coun­cil, which is work­ing to imple­ment track­ing sys­tems and pro­mote fair-trade poli­cies, says there are no hard data to pin­point whether gold mined by chil­dren in Burk­i­na Faso reach­es the Unit­ed States or ends up in jew­el­ry pur­chased by Amer­i­cans. Antho­ny Per­saud, a pol­i­cy and field oper­a­tions coor­di­na­tor for the coun­cil, says it is "unlike­ly" but not out of the ques­tion.\n </p>\n <p>\n Burk­i­na Faso does not refine its gold but sells it through exporters to refin­ers in Dubai and Europe, he says. From there the gold enters the world sup­ply chain.\n </p>\n <p>\n "The thing about gold, you can fit $50,000 of it in your pock­et with­out any­body noticing," says Per­saud. "It's quite easy to move across bor­ders like that."\n </p>\n <p>\n <a href=\"http://www.hrw.org/bios/juliane-kippenberg\">Juliane Kip­pen­berg</a>, a senior researcher for Human Rights Watch, said the group's <a href=\"http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/mali1211_insert_LOWRES_WITH_COVER.pdf\">2011 report on child labor at small-scale mines</a> per­suad­ed one gold refin­er to sus­pend pur­chas­es from Mali.\n </p>\n <p>\n "We are not call­ing upon com­pa­nies to boy­cott gold that has been mined by children," Kip­pen­berg said, "but to reme­di­ate the sit­u­a­tion if they find child labor in their sup­ply chain -- by engag­ing the rel­e­vant gov­ern­ment, their sup­pli­ers, and demand­ing progress to get these chil­dren out of the mines and into school."\n </p>\n <p>\n Gold pro­duc­tion in Burk­i­na Faso has more than dou­bled in recent years, <a href=\"http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/BURKINAFASOEXTN/0,,menuPK:343886~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:343876,00.html\">reach­ing 43.2 met­ric tons in 2012</a>, accord­ing to the World Bank. (Unlike its neigh­bors Mali and Ghana, ancient gold king­doms and major pro­duc­ers today, Burk­i­na Faso is a rel­a­tive new­com­er to the market.) The return of inter­na­tion­al min­ing com­pa­nies, banned for a time in the 1990s, has boost­ed pro­duc­tion. Still, much of the gold comes from small-scale mines.\n </p>\n <p>\n Small-scale gold min­ing began here in earnest in the 1980s as droughts and famines forced fam­i­lies from farms and into mines to earn a liv­ing. It remains a fam­i­ly affair.\n </p>\n <p>\n "You can­not elim­i­nate child labor in a com­mu­ni­ty when the income of the fam­i­ly is so low," said Alexan­dre Soho, senior pro­gram offi­cer for the <a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/ipec/lang--en/index.htm\">Inter­na­tion­al Pro­gram for the Elim­i­na­tion of Child Labor</a> of the ILO. "You need to tack­le the issue of the liveli­hoods for the parents."\n </p>\n <p>\n The U.S. Labor Depart­ment and the ILO con­sid­er <a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_155428.pdf\">min­ing one of the worst forms of child labor</a> because of the risks of injury and death and the long-term health con­se­quences from con­stant expo­sure to dust, toxic chem­i­cals, and heavy man­u­al labor. The list of doc­u­ment­ed ills includes per­ma­nent lung dam­age caused by inhal­ing pul­ver­ized min­er­als, mus­cu­lar and skele­tal injuries, hear­ing loss, acci­den­tal blind­ing, and mer­cury poi­son­ing with its atten­dant neu­ro­log­i­cal dam­age. And then there is the fact that when chil­dren are work­ing, they are not in school.\n </p>\n <p>\n In Tiébélé, near the Kollo mine, Daou­da Ganno, gen­er­al sec­re­tary of the mayor's office, says local com­mu­ni­ties are try­ing to estab­lish a pre­fect near each vil­lage to enforce school atten­dance. When a child is absent, he said, "the pre­fect will go out and find the par­ent and ask, 'Where is your child?' and then they will find the child and bring him to school." This is Ganno's plan, but for now, he says, it is still only a plan.\n </p>\n <p>\n The nature of the min­ing makes enforce­ment dif­fi­cult. Often the mines are ille­gal and hasti­ly dug on pri­vate prop­er­ty. A claim is worked and then aban­doned and the min­ers move on. The gov­ern­ment col­lects taxes from min­ers who work or prospect on pub­lic land and has made efforts to reg­u­late the small mines, but with an esti­mat­ed 200 min­ing sites, most of them very remote, the task is over­whelm­ing, author­i­ties say.\n </p>\n <p>\n At a new min­ing site in the Bilbalé region 12 miles west of Diébougou, about 200 peo­ple show up overnight, drawn by the rumor of gold. About 50 chil­dren are in the crowd and even the tini­est will work. In hours, the men and older boys have cleared the ground of scrub trees and sparse grass and the dig­ging begins at a fran­tic pace.\n </p>\n <p>\n Lit­tle chil­dren, some naked, squat on the ground to claw dirt and rocks into shal­low bowls. The fam­i­lies fill as many ves­sels with raw dirt and rock as pos­si­ble. This rock and dirt is weighed and becomes their share of the "take" from the mine. If gold is found, all the min­ers will get a lit­tle money. If there is no gold at this site, the min­ers move to the next place where gold is rumored to be.\n </p>\n <p>\n Min­ers earn lit­tle for their work -- chil­dren even less. ILO sur­veys found chil­dren often were paid no more than $2 a day or only received food for fill­ing buck­ets with grav­el, Soho said. An entire fam­i­ly might make $5 at an unde­vel­oped site. At estab­lished mines, such as Kollo, work­ers say they can earn about $40 a day.\n </p>\n <p>\n If the yield at a field is good, word gets out and a boom­town springs up with shanties, sup­ply huts, and cafes among the plastic-covered huts where min­ers live. Such is the case at Kollo, now home to 3,000 peo­ple.\n </p>\n <p>\n With the estab­lished mines and vil­lages also come the ore-processing cen­ters where min­ers take large sacks or rocks and peb­bles to be ground into pow­der. This pow­der will be processed, usu­al­ly with mer­cury, and fur­ther refined into gold nuggets at anoth­er loca­tion.\n </p>\n <p>\n The ore-crushing machines are makeshift con­trap­tions cob­bled togeth­er with pul­leys, belts, grind­ing plates, and smoke-belching diesel engines. And while it takes the strength of a man to empty the bags of rock into the crush­ers, chil­dren do most of the other work. They sharp­en metal grind­ing wheels with­out eye pro­tec­tion; scoop and bag fine pow­der with­out dust masks; and fetch and carry just inch­es from pul­leys, belts, and spin­ning motors with the power to rip and shred any­thing caught in their works.\n </p>\n <p>\n The pound­ing and clank­ing of the crush­ers are deaf­en­ing. The machines spew con­stant clouds of dust, which coats the chil­dren from their heads to their bare feet. Water is scarce, so the chil­dren use the bilge water from the machines to wash their faces and brush their teeth. When the chil­dren are not work­ing, they lie down near the machines and sleep, obliv­i­ous to the noise. Their cough­ing is con­stant.\n </p>\n <p>\n At the Kouékowéra camp near Gaoua, Karim Sawado­go works with his uncle. The boy says he thinks he is nine years old, but he isn't sure. He has been to school, but only a lit­tle. Before the gold field, he was a goatherd near his home in north­ern Burk­i­na Faso. In the camp, he cooks, fetch­es water. In the mine, Karim works bare­foot and shirt­less, his feet thick­ly cal­lused, his mus­cles flex­ing as he chips ore and fills buck­ets.\n </p>\n <p>\n Speak­ing in his native dialect, Karim smiles when he is asked what he wants to do with his life. "I came here to make money," he says. "My dream is to make enough money so I don't have to do this anymore."\n </p>\n <p>\n <strong><em>Edi­tor's Note: </em></strong><em>An ear­li­er ver­sion of this story report­ed Burk­i­na Faso had pro­duced 32 met­ric tons of gold in 2012, accord­ing to the World Bank. Since pub­lish­ing in April 2013, the World Bank has updat­ed that num­ber to 43.2 met­ric tons.</em>\n </p>\n <p>\n <em><em>This piece was orig­i­nal­ly pub­lished in The Philadel­phia Inquir­er on April 28, 2013. </em></em><em>Price received fund­ing from the Pulitzer Cen­ter on Cri­sis Report­ing. View more of his work on its project page, <a href=\"http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/burkina-faso-gold-mines-child-labor-exploitation-poverty-migration-famine\">The Cost of Gold: Child Labor in Burk­i­na Faso</a>.</em>\n </p>\n <p>\n <em> </em>\n </p>\n <p>\n  \n </p>\n <div class=\"img\">\n <img src=\"http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/NewshourHeadlines/~4/hB8SM8F_PHs\" data-size=\"small\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"/>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n","sourceURL":"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/world/july-dec13/burkinafaso_07-10.html","feedTitle":"PBS NewsHour | PBS","feedUrl":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/NewshourHeadlines","hideOnCover":true,"inlineImage":{"mediumURL":"http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com:80/photos/2013/07/03/20130206_Burkina_Faso_00024-277-Edit_video_embed.jpg","smallURL":"http://cdn.flipboard.com/amazonaws.com/f2260486941b88806235f4483f61504039757769/thumbnail.jpg","original_width":512,"original_height":288,"original_hints":"color,rgb-86-67-52,photo,main-image,main-image"},"language":"en","rssBaseURL":"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/world/july-dec13/burkinafaso_07-10.html","rssCustomClasses":"sysen","referredByItems":[{"type":"status","authorDisplayName":"UNICEF USA","authorUsername":"unicefusa","userid":"63357609","authorDescription":"We support and advocate for UNICEF in the United States. 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